Distribution substations

Distribution substations serve a wide range of private and public customers in distributing electric power. They can be shareholder, cooperatively, privately, and government owned.

All substations contain power transformers and the voltage-regulating apparatus required for converting the high incoming sub-transmission voltages to lower primary system voltages and maintaining them within specified voltage tolerances. Those voltages, typically 11 to 15 kV, are then sent to distribution transformers and load substations for serving regional and local customers.
They can also interconnect and switch alternative sources of power and control system voltage and power flow. Power factor can be corrected and overvoltage can be regulated by substations.
The basic equipment in distribution substations includes: transformers, circuit breakers, disconnect switches, bus bars, shunt reactors, power factor correction capacitors, lightning arresters, instrumentation, control devices, and other protective apparatus related to the specific functions in the power station.
Circuit breakers and other switching equipment in a substation can be organized to separate a bus, part of a transformer, or a control device from other equipment. The common system switching arrangements are shown in the one-line diagrams in Figure 1.
The single-bus switching system in Figure 1a is bus protected by the circuit breakers on the incoming and outgoing lines. The double-bus system in Figure 1b has two main buses, but only one is normally in operation; the other is a reserve bus. The ring bus in Figure 1e has the bus arranged in a loop with breakers placed so that the opening of one breaker does not interrupt the power through the substation.

Single line diagrams of substation switching arrangements: (a) single bus; (b) double bus, single breaker; (c) double bus, double breaker; (d) main and transfer bus; (e) ring bus; (f ) breaker-and-a-half; (g) breaker-and-a-third.

Single line diagrams of substation switching arrangements: (a) single bus; (b) double bus, single breaker; (c) double bus, double breaker; (d) main and transfer bus; (e) ring bus; (f ) breaker-and-a-half; (g) breaker-and-a-third.

Typical distribution substations
A typical distribution system consists of //

Sub-transmission circuits, which carry voltages ranging from 12.47 to 245 kV (of these, 69, 115, and 138 kV are most common) for delivering electrical energy to the various distribution substations.
Three-phase primary circuits or feeders, which typically operate in the range of 4.16 to 34.5 kV (11 to 15 kV being most common) for supplying the load in designated areas.
Distribution transformers rated from 10 to 2500 kVA, installed on poles, on above-ground pads, or in underground vaults near customers. These transformers convert primary voltage to useful voltages for practical applications.
Secondary circuits at useful voltage levels, which carry the energy from the distribution transformers along highways, streets, or rights-of-way. These can be either single-phase or three-phase lines.
Service drops and service laterals, which deliver energy from the secondary circuits to the user’s service entrance equipment.

Nguồn: St từ electrical-engineering